GENERAL INFORMATION
The transversus perinei superficialis is a lesser-known but crucial muscle located within the pelvic floor. Part of the superficial perineal pouch, this muscle supports pelvic floor functions crucial for urinary and faecal continence, sexual function, and overall pelvic stability. It interacts closely with other muscles in the pelvic and perineal area to maintain pelvic integrity and support the organs within the pelvic cavity.
ORIGIN
Originating from the inner aspect of the ischial tuberosity, the bony structure on which one sits, the transversus perinei superficialis provides a sturdy base from which the muscle exerts its action.
INSERTION POINT
This muscle inserts into the central tendon of the perineum, commonly known as the perineal body. This central tendon acts as an anchor point for various muscles, aiding in the coordinated action of the pelvic floor.
MAJOR ARTERIES
The internal pudendal artery provides the vascular supply to the transversus perinei superficialis. This artery plays a key role in delivering the necessary oxygen and nutrients required for the muscle’s health and functionality.
NEURAL INNERVATION
Neural control is via the perineal branch of the pudendal nerve, which facilitates both sensory and motor functions essential for maintaining pelvic floor stability and function.
TRIGGER POINT
Trigger points in this muscle can lead to increased pelvic floor tension, contributing to conditions like chronic pelvic pain, difficulties in bowel and bladder function, and discomfort during sexual activities.
CONCENTRIC FUNCTION
When contracting concentrically, the transversus perinei superficialis tightens and stabilises the perineal body, playing a vital role in enhancing the structural integrity of the pelvic floor during movements that increase intra-abdominal pressure.
ECCENTRIC FUNCTION
The eccentric activity of the transversus perinei superficialis involves the controlled lengthening of the muscle, helping to manage the downward pressure exerted during activities such as coughing, sneezing, or lifting heavy objects, thus protecting the pelvic floor from injury.
ISOMETRIC FUNCTION
Isometrically, the transversus perinei superficialis maintains continuous tension to support the pelvic organs and assist in functions such as urinary and faecal continence. This static function is crucial during various daily activities that require stabilisation of the pelvic region.
RELATED MUSCLE-SCIENTIFIC NAMES
- Bulbospongiosus: Supports urogenital functions and contributes to the integrity of the perineal body, which is essential for sexual function and perineal support.
- Ischiocavernosus: Stabilises the transversus perinei superficialis region and supports erectile function by maintaining penile and clitoral rigidity during sexual arousal.
- External Anal Sphincter: Crucial for controlling defecation, ensuring effective bowel function and maintaining continence.
- Levator Ani: Provides extensive support to pelvic viscera and the pelvic floor, playing a key role in maintaining pelvic organ positioning and function.
ANTAGONIST
- Levator Ani: Works in opposition during relaxation and contraction of the pelvic floor.
- Rectus Abdominis: Counters pelvic floor movements by controlling anterior pelvic tilt and intra-abdominal pressure.
COMMON INJURIES
- Perineal Tears: These are especially common during childbirth and affect muscle integrity.
- Strains: These can occur from overexertion or poor lifting techniques.
- Pelvic Floor Dysfunction: Involving weakened or hypertonic pelvic muscles, leading to a range of functional disorders.
- Chronic Pelvic Pain: Often exacerbated by dysfunctional pelvic floor muscles.
EXERCISES FOR TRANSVERSUS PERINEI SUPERFICIALIS
- Kegel Exercises: Engage and relax the pelvic floor muscles to enhance muscle tone and control.
- Bridges: Elevate the hips while lying on your back to engage the pelvic floor and strengthen surrounding muscles.
- Squats: Comprehensive lower body exercise that engages the pelvic girdle, enhancing muscle coordination and strength.
- Pelvic Clock Exercise: Visualise the pelvis as a clock and tilt it towards different ‘hours’ to improve mobility and awareness of pelvic muscle control.
STRETCHES
- Gentle Perineal Stretches: Carefully stretch the perineal area to relieve tension and enhance blood flow.
- Pelvic Tilts: Gently rock the pelvis back and forth to increase flexibility and reduce muscle tightness.
- Wide-Legged Forward Bend: Enhances flexibility in the pelvic region and inner thighs, which is beneficial for relieving tension.
- Child’s Pose: Focus on relaxation and gentle stretching of the pelvic and lower back muscles.