GENERAL INFORMATION
The foot is a complex structure consisting of numerous muscles that work together to support the arches of the foot, provide stability, as well as facilitate movements such as walking, running, and jumping.
ORIGIN
The origin of these muscles varies depending on the specific muscle. Each muscle has a unique attachment point and point where it originates from bones or connective tissues in the upper or lower leg.
INSERTION POINT
The insertion point of these muscles also varies, as each muscle has its specific attachment site and sites on bones or connective tissues in the foot.
MAJOR ARTERIES
The major arteries supplying blood to this include:
- Dorsalis pedis artery
- Posterior tibial artery
NEURAL INNERVATION
These muscles are innervated by various nerves, including:
- Deep fibular nerve
- Superficial fibular nerve
- Tibial nerve
- Sural nerve
These nerves provide motor innervation to the muscles, also allowing them to contract and produce movement.
TRIGGER POINT
Trigger points can develop in these muscles, causing localised pain and discomfort. They are typically associated with muscle tension, overuse, or injury.
CONCENTRIC FUNCTION
The concentric function of these muscles involves the shortening or contraction of the muscles. This function is responsible for various movements of the foot, such as:
- Plantar flexion (pointing it downward)
- Dorsiflexion (lifting it upward)
- Inversion (turning the sole inward)
- Eversion (turning the sole outward)
ECCENTRIC FUNCTION
The eccentric function of these muscles refers to the controlled lengthening of the muscles while resisting an external force. It is involved in movements that require controlled lowering of the foot, such as reducing it from a pointed position to a neutral position.
ISOMETRIC FUNCTION
The isometric function of foot muscles involves contracting the muscles without any change in length. Isometric contractions occur during activities that require maintaining the position of the foot or providing stability.
RELATED MUSCLE SCIENTIFIC NAMES
- Flexor digitorum brevis (Musculus flexor digitorum brevis): Located in the sole, it flexes the middle phalanges of the lesser toes.
- Extensor digitorum longus (Musculus extensor digitorum longus): Found in the front of the lower leg, it extends the toes and dorsiflexes the foot.
- Flexor hallucis longus (Musculus flexor hallucis longus): Positioned on the posterior side of the leg, it flexes the big toe and helps with plantar flexion.
ANTAGONIST
- The antagonist muscles to the foot muscles depend on the specific muscle. Different muscles have different antagonist muscles that perform opposite movements.
COMMON INJURIES
- Plantar fasciitis: Inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue that supports the arch.
- Achilles tendonitis: Inflammation of the Achilles tendon, which connects the calf muscles to the heel bone.
- Metatarsalgia: Pain and inflammation in the ball of the foot, often caused by excessive pressure or overuse.
EXERCISES
- Toe curls: Contracting the toes and arching the foot to strengthen the intrinsic muscles of the foot.
- Calf raises: Rising onto the balls of the feet and then lowering down to strengthen the calf muscles.
- Ankle alphabet: Moving the ankle in the shape of the alphabet letters to improve mobility and strengthen the ankle muscles.
- Towel scrunches: Place a towel on the floor and use your toes to scrunch it up, which helps in strengthening the muscles.
- Marble pickups: Use your toes to pick up marbles from the floor, which enhances the muscle’s grip strength.
STRETCHES
- Plantar fascia stretch: Gently pull the toes toward the shin to stretch the plantar fascia.
- Calf stretch: Leaning against a wall with one leg extended behind and the heel on the ground to stretch the calf muscles.
- Achilles tendon stretch: Standing with one foot slightly behind the other and leaning forward to stretch the Achilles tendon.
- Seated foot stretch: Sit with one leg crossed over the other, gently pulling back on the toes to stretch the underside of the foot.
- Standing heel stretch: Stand with one foot forward and bend the back knee while keeping the heel on the ground to stretch the calf and the Achilles tendon.